Weighted EOF analysis

Weighted EOF analysis (in S-mode) maximises the temporal variance considering each gridpoint with a different weight. We compare the results for an EOF analysis based on (1) the covariance matrix, (2) area weighting based on latitude (coslat weighting), (3) the correlation matrix and finally (4) correlation matrix + coslat weighting.

Load packages and data:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import xarray as xr
from cartopy.crs import Orthographic, PlateCarree
from matplotlib.gridspec import GridSpec

import xeofs as xe

sns.set_context("paper")

t2m = xr.tutorial.load_dataset("air_temperature")["air"]

Perform the actual analysis

components = []
scores = []
# (1) Based on covariance matrix
model_cov = xe.single.EOF(n_modes=5, standardize=False, use_coslat=False)
model_cov.fit(t2m, "time")
components.append(model_cov.components())
scores.append(model_cov.scores())
# (2) Based on coslat weighted covariance matrix
model_lat = xe.single.EOF(n_modes=5, standardize=False, use_coslat=True)
model_lat.fit(t2m, "time")
components.append(model_lat.components())
scores.append(model_lat.scores())
# (3) Based on correlation matrix
model_cor = xe.single.EOF(n_modes=5, standardize=True, use_coslat=False)
model_cor.fit(t2m, "time")
components.append(model_cor.components())
scores.append(model_cor.scores())
# (4) Based on coslat weighted correlation matrix
model_cor_lat = xe.single.EOF(n_modes=5, standardize=True, use_coslat=True)
model_cor_lat.fit(t2m, "time")
components.append(model_cor_lat.components())
scores.append(model_cor_lat.scores())

Create figure showing the first mode for all 4 cases

proj = Orthographic(central_latitude=30, central_longitude=-80)
kwargs = {
    "cmap": "mako",
    "transform": PlateCarree(),
    "vmin": 0,
}
titles = [
    "(1) Covariances",
    "(2) Covariances + coslat",
    "(3) Correlation",
    "(4) Correlation + coslat",
]
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 12))
gs = GridSpec(4, 2)
ax_pcs = [fig.add_subplot(gs[i, 0]) for i in range(4)]
ax_eofs = [fig.add_subplot(gs[i, 1], projection=proj) for i in range(4)]

for i, (a1, a2) in enumerate(zip(ax_eofs, ax_pcs)):
    a1.coastlines(color=".5")
    components[i].sel(mode=1).plot(ax=a1, **kwargs)
    scores[i].sel(mode=1).plot(ax=a2, color="darkred")
    a2.set_xlabel("")
    a1.set_title("", loc="center")
    a2.set_title("", loc="center")
    a2.set_title(titles[i], loc="left", weight="bold")
    if i < 3:
        a2.set_xticks([], [])
        sns.despine(ax=a2, trim=True, bottom=True)
    else:
        sns.despine(ax=a2, trim=True, bottom=False)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("weighted_eof.jpg", dpi=200)